Hierarchical generalized linear mixed effects LME models were fitted separately for species richness using a Poisson error distribution , total abundance, and the PIE using a Gaussian error distribution.
For models of species richness we included an observation-level random effect i. For each LME model we compared several candidate random-effect structures by fitting null models with combinations of different random intercepts and random slopes to determine the structure with the lowest overall Aikake Information Criterion AIC. The most parsimonious random-effect structure by AIC was identical among response variables and included — besides the study ID — the spatial block and land-use category as random intercept as well as the presence of an abrupt land change as random slope.
We included the binned attributes of abrupt land change, e. Separate models were fitted for each taxonomic group using the direction positive or negative of magnitude and trend shifts because of limited data availability. All statistical tests used were two-sided. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. The source data underlying Figs. Ellis, E. Used planet: a global history. Natl Acad. USA , — Song, X. Global land change from to Nature , — Newbold, T.
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Plant Ecol. Supp, S. Species-level and community-level responses to disturbance: a cross-community analysis. Global Env Change , 28, Diaz, S. Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vulnerability. Ecol Evol , 3, Smart cookie preferences. Change cookie preferences Accept all cookies. Skip to content. Human impacts on biodiversity.
Deforestation Deforestation of Brazilian rainforest in , taken by satelite. To look at the loss of biodiversity, the number of extinctions of species should be examined. This rate is 50 times the natural rate of extinction and is expected to increase in the coming years Sherbinin , The extinction rate is of great concern because once a species is extinct, there is no chance of ever getting that species back on the planet.
Three main problems that cause species extinction are: habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation Noss et al , Habitat loss is described as the complete destruction of a habitat.
An example of habitat loss would be logging of a forest. Habitat degradation is when a habitat diminishes to a point where it can no longer support biological communities Effects , An example of this would be habitats that are polluted by industry.
Habitat fragmentation is described as a habitat that is broken into smaller discontinuous segments of land for development Mapping , An example of this would be putting a road in the middle of a habitat. All three of these problems that result in species extinction are directly related to human influence. There is no clear way of determining the total impact that humans are making on biodiversity; however, it is obvious that many actions by humans are causing a decrease in biodiversity.
To determine the total impact that humans are making on a given environment, the area of productive land and water needed to produce the item that is being consumed and the need to account for the waste being generated by humanity must all be taken into account according to management and production practices in use during that time Wackernagel et al.
Direct or indirect actions by humans have resulted in the decrease of biodiversity. The Convention of Biological Diversity states that there are both indirect and direct human drivers. Some of the indirect human drivers are demographic, economic, sociopolitical, scientific and technological, and cultural and religious factors.
Some of the direct human drivers are changes in local land use and land cover, species introductions or removals, external inputs, harvesting, air and water pollution, and climate change Climate , In the next 50 years it is expected that humans will seriously impact percent of land in developing countries.
This is a result of growth in population and in over consumption of natural resources Mapping , The population of humans is, what many consider, the root of the biodiversity problem Eldredge , The number of humans on earth, as of July , is at 6.
The increase in human inhabitants causes a problem because with it comes a need to convert natural habitats to land for human consumption. One way that the humans have been able to sustain their growth is by converting natural habitats to fields where foods can be produced.
In the United States there is a direct relationship between the loss of forests to the increase in cropland Dobson , Internationally, there is half a hectare of tropical forest disappearing to farmland every second. One of the potential dangers of decreasing the amount of natural habitats remaining is that species will no longer be present on earth.
This directly affects agriculture because many of the species that are being destroyed for croplands may have been used for genetically enhancing crop products Frequently , In this manner, the increase in agricultural land actually harms our agricultural future. Human actions have also played a role in climate change, which is also causing great danger for biodiversity.
The change in climate is due to increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, which causes increased land and ocean temperatures, and changes in precipitation and sea level rise. With the change in climate also comes a change in species. Climate affects the timing of reproduction and migration, the length of growing seasons, species distributions and population size, and the frequency of pest and disease outbreaks. It is also expected that the change in climate in the 21 st century will have a much higher rate than the past 10, years and create an even bigger impact on biodiversity Climate , It is expected that 80 percent of biologically rich regions will suffer great losses of plant and animal species because of global warming.
The rate of change of habitats is expected to increase up to ten times due to global warming Sherbinin , Biodiversity affects everyone to varying degrees.
People that live in poverty depend heavily upon nature to provide them with resources to live. In third world countries logging has become a common activity of the poor. It is a huge problem in many developing countries because it is destroying natural habitats, yet it seems to be one of the only ways that people can make enough money to support their families. The New York Times recently ran an article about individuals in Malawi illegally cutting down trees in order to make enough money for food.
One individual states, "We have no money to raise our families. We have nowhere to run, nothing else to do. So we have to cut the trees to feed our families. The current rate of deforestation in Malawi is 2. Wines , The degradation of the environment will affect both poor and industrialized nations. World Sea Turtle Day is held on 16 June. First established in , the day is now supported by Sea…. Journey to the Centre of the Earth is a famous science fiction novel written by the great Jules Verne in….
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