Following this practice as well, he will now be referred to as Augustus. However, the term suggested that he was not merely a citizen, but the first citizen, hinting at a special or elevated status.
When we speak of Roman emperors, we are picking one of their many titles and using it as a shorthand for all of them. One stereotype associated with fathers is that they love and protect their children. However, in Roman culture, the father was a figure of enormous authority and dignity who wielded absolute power over the members of his family—up to and including the ability to sell his children into slavery, or even to kill them.
All of these terms became not only parts of his title but components of his actual name. Subsequent emperors would follow his lead and call themselves by the same constellation of terms. The fourth and final component of his successful solution to the challenge of how to rule Rome as one man, centered around his behavior.
In this realm, he was thinking of the animosity Julius Caesar had provoked by his arrogant and autocratic manner; thus, Augustus made a great show of trying to demonstrate his modesty. Rather than living in a lavish palace, he inhabited a house of modest size; rather than wearing jewels or ornate robes, he dressed in a simple toga, like every other citizen; rather than indulging in extravagant feasts, he dined on ostentatiously simple foods, like a Roman farmer; rather than lording it over the members of the aristocracy, he treated senators with respect and courtesy.
Content with possessing real power, he did not see the need for luxuriating in its superficial trappings. In retaliation, Octavian declared war on Cleopatra. In that four-year span, Octavian secured his rule on multiple fronts. And to win over the people, he worked to improve and beautify the city of Rome. During his years reign, Augustus nearly doubled the size of the empire, adding territories in Europe and Asia Minor and securing alliances that gave him effective rule from Britain to India.
He expanded the Roman network of roads, founded the Praetorian Guard and the Roman postal service and remade Rome with both grand a new forum and practical gestures police and fire departments.
His second wife, Scribonia, bore his only child, Julia the Elder. He divorced in 39 B. The family tree became more complicated after Augustus had his stepson Tiberius briefly marry his daughter, and then adopted Tiberius outright as son and successor in A. Augustus Caesar died in A. Then applaud me as I exit. Start your free trial today. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. As the monarchical power became consolidated, and the old republican ideas disappeared, the consciousness of the original meaning of the title disappered with them.
Princeps came to be equivalent to imperator; but it never became an official title like Imperator, Caesar, Augustus. Like the Senate, the knights had a princeps , the princeps iuventutis the youth.
However, the Dioscuri-motive was only one of several images like e. Diana this triumuir monetalis chose to be present on «his» coins. Albeit the famous lake Regillus story and the dedication of the Dioscuri-temple, the Dioscuri were obviously not the main iconographic symbol of the family.
Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, financed by spoils of the war, Cic. Dioscuri on coins of mint-masters e. Servius Rufus? Mythography: for the epiphany of the Dioscuri after the battle of Pydna, see above references in note Apart from «official» iconography, choices of imagery on Roman coins etc.
Poulsen, Dioscuri, p. Unconvincing is the «evidence» thus E. Rocca, Memore, p. For the Roman templum Castoris as a abridged usage of the otherwise well attested templum Castoris et Pollucis, see B. Mlasowsky, Nomini, p. Most assimilations of the twins and the Dioscuri are known from the provinces in honorific inscriptions as it seems , see B. Poulsen, Written Sources, p. This is insofar misleading, as the title is not attested in any of these posthumous coin-issues RIC, I 2 , f.
Caligula made a specific and quite sophisticated use of the coins as means of propagating his legitimation as princeps and emperor of the Roman people with a series of coins issued in the name of and in commemoration of family members, cf. Trillmich, Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius. On Nero and Drusus and their assimilation to the Dioscuri, see A.
In Stat. Gnecchi, I Medaglioni Romani. Volume Secondo: Bronzo. Gnecchi, Medaglioni, p. Gnecchi, Medaglioni p. Poulsen, Ideologia, p. For variants of the type, see B. The standard allusion to the Augustan princeps iuuentutis would have been spear and shield.
Griffin, Nero. The End of a Dynasty, Londres, , p. See P. Southern, Domitian. Tragic Tyrant, Londres, , p.
Arcus additi Romae et apud ripam Rheni et in monte Syriae Amano cum inscriptione rerum gestarum ac mortem ob rem publicam obisse. Sepulchrum Antiochiae ubi crematus, tribunal Epidaphnae quo in loco uitam finierat, statuarum locorumue in quis coleretur haud facile quis numerum inierit. Cum censeretur clipeus auro et magnitudine insignis inter auctores eloquentiae, adseuerauit Tiberius solitum paremque ceteris dicaturum: neque enim eloquentiam fortuna discerni et satis inlustre si ueteres inter scriptores haberetur.
Equester ordo cuneum Germanici appellauit qui iuniorum dicebatur, instituitque uti turmae idibus Iuliis imaginem eius sequerentur. Pleraque manent: quaedam statim omissa sunt aut uetustas oblitterauit.
Additional honours: Tabula Ilici and Tabula Hebana mention the following posthumous honours: the names of Gaius and Lucius were earlier given to centuriae of senators and knights as were given now after their respective death the names of Germanicus and Drusus Minor: all in all, 20 centuriae with 10 in common named after Gaius and Lucius and with 5 each to Germanicus in AD 20 and Drusus in AD See A.
For the priestly collegia on coins, see below note Britannicus is present in few provincial coin issues, J. Neither B. Kienast, Kaisertabelle, p. Buttrey, Documentary Evidence, p. Southern, Domitian, p. Jones, The Emperor Domitian, Londres, , p. Later such attestations are e. Prominent participation in ceremonies and games is attested e. In addition four liberalitates are attested for him as Caesar between AD and Birley, Marcus Aurelius: a biography, Londres, 2 , p.
Birley obviously understands that the texts HA, Marc. Pius , n o , n o For the seuiri equitum Romanorum and their connection with the iuuentus as organised groups connected to training and ludi, see L. Hekster, Commodus. One issue has a shield with two spears, the other one an oak wreath. Because of his overall interest in the Hercules-subject as an important paragon for Commodus, O.
Hekster, Commodus, p. Hekster et G. Mastino, Le titolature di Caracalla e Geta attraverso le iscrizioni, Bologne, , p. Geta, princeps iuuentutis in e. I thank Dr. Bernhard Weisser and Sandra Matthies for their kind support. Check if your institution has already acquired this book: authentification to OpenEdition Freemium for Books. You can suggest to your institution to acquire one or more ebooks published on OpenEdition Books.
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Presses universitaires du Septentrion. Princeps iuuentutis: Concept, Search inside the book. Table of contents. Cite Share. Cited by. Abstract Text Notes Author. Full text. Caesar as principes iuuentutis Zoom in Original jpeg, 88k. Sed neq The Ambiguity of Youth and the Absenc Caesar riding, Lugdunum Zoom in Original jpeg, 84k. Later iconogr Bertinetti, «Testimonianze del culto Later, the epiphany-scene was replicated after Aemilius Spannagel, Exemp However, the Dioscuri-m Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, financed by spoi For the Roman templum Ca The reconstruction of the Castor a Tragic Tyran ILS, , Rome … Caesari Similar coins minted in Lugdunum n o AD 71 , Tarrac Later such attestation For the seuir Commodus princeps iuuentutis was connected to Liberalitas, Vi Mastino, Le titolature di Caraca Pollini, «A Port All illustrations are presented with permis Notes 1 S.
List of illustrations Title Fig.
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